Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Skin Cancer

2023
Harvard Dermatology
Primer on Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Skin Cancer
Author

David M. Miller

Published

August 2, 2023

Slides

  • Slides for this presentation can be found here

Learning Objectives

  • To review immunotherapeutic strategies in cutaneous oncology
  • Provide an overview of relevant immune therapies in skin cancer
  • Discuss relevant immune pathways

Overview of Immunotherapy

The term “Immunotherapy” is a broad term. In the context of cancer represents a set of therapeutic strategies designed to enhance anti-tumor immunity. The approach dates back, at least, to 1891, when William B. Coley, a sarcoma surgeon at Memorial Hospital in New York, injected strepotococcal organisms into a patient with inoperable cancer. Immunotherapy in the setting of cancer is also referred to as Immuno-oncology or “IO”

Current IO Strategies

  • Today, a variety of approaches exist, for example:

    • Cytokine directed therapy
    • TLR agonism
    • Immune-checkpoint blockade
    • Oncolytic viral therapy
    • Bispecific T cell engagers
    • Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells
    • Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs)

Case 1 - HPI

  • Male in the 8th decade of life
  • Presents with a 2.8 cm poorly differentiated peri-orbital CSCC
  • Outside PET-CT showed no evidence of regional or metastatic disease
  • MRI demonstrated:

T1, pre-contrast image (used with patient permission) T1, pre-contrast image (used with patient permission)

How would you manage this patient?


Overview of FDA Approvals in Skin Cancer

The landscape of FDA approvals for skin cancer has evolved prominently since the first therapeutic - nitrogen mustard - was approved(Miller et al. 2022). Below is a graph of all of the FDA approvals in skin cancer (as of 07-22-2023).

In keeping with the diverse mechanisms that give rise to cutaneous malignancy, there are a heterogeneous group of drug therapies used to treat skin cancer, which includes cytotoxic agents, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies.

Focusing on only those therapies with predominantly immune-directed mechanisms, narrows the list down to 53 FDA approvals in skin cancer

To see an interactive visulation of the above graph click here

Case 1 - Managment

As the above graphic depicts, there are two distinct therapies approved for locally advanced CSCC (the stage of disease in Case 1): Cemplimab-rwlc and Pembrolizumab. Both are PD-1 mAb with approvals for laCSCC and would be part of the discussion in management of a case as presented in the first vignette.

Background on Immuno-Oncological Strategies

Overview

Immune-directed therapies (cytokine therapy, immune-checkpoint blockade, oncolytic viral therapy and cellular therapy) have revolutionized the care of patients with high-risk and advanced melanoma. We will discuss the application of these strategies in greater detail during the lecture, but we’ll provide a very basic primer of T-cell activation and immune checkpoint blockade below.

T-Cell Activation

T-cell activation results from the summation of several activating signals (Below Figure). These include stimulation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) by an antigen complexed with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and CD28 by CD80 or CD86 (CD80/86). Of note, MHC class I molecules activate CD8+-T cells, while MHC class II molecules are recognized by CD4+-T cells. T-cell activation and function are tightly calibrated by regulatory mechanisms to prevent autoimmunity and excessive tissue inflammation. T-cell activation is negatively regulated by CTLA4, which not only competes with CD28 for CD80 and CD86, but can also transmit inhibitory signals that attenuate activation. In peripheral tissues, ligation of the program death-1 (PD-1) receptor by PD-L1 inhibits effector functions of T-cells. PD-L1 is expressed on both antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages, and malignant melanocytes.

Immune Checkpoint Blockade

Monoclonal antibodies directed against CTLA-4 (e.g. ipilimumab), PD-1 (e.g. nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and PD-L1 (e.g. avelumab and atezolizumab; of note, neither of these last two are approved for melanoma, but they have labeled indcations for other malignancies) can overcome intrinsic immune checkpoints by licensing tumor-specific T cells.1

  • 1 This paragraph was adapted from: Miller DM, Flaherty KT, Tsao H. Current status and future directions of molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies for melanoma. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33(2):60-67

    • Case 2 - HPI

    71-year-old Fitzpatrick skin type 2 male with no significant PMH presents with this lesion on his chest x 3 months

    Case 2 - Work Up

    • Excisional biopsy performed.
    • Pathology revealed a 4.1 mm thick, non-ulcerated, superficial spreading melanoma. Mitotic rate 9 per mm2. LVI present. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes present, non-brisk. No microsatelites.
    • Subsequent PET-CT and brain MRI demonstrated no regional or distant metastases.

    Case 2 - Management

    • WLE with 2 cm margins
      • no tumor on ink
    • BRAF Wild Type
    • SLNBx with 0/2 nodes positive


    What stage is this patient?

    Click Here for answer
    • 4.1 mm thick
      • no ulceration
      • Neg SLNBx
      • No mets
      • Stage IIB (T4aN0M0)


    Prognosis (10 year MSS)?

    Click Here for answer

    10 year MSS: 83%


    What are your management options at this point?

    From the above interactive graph, you can see that the only approved therapy for Stage IIB/IIC melanoma, as of 08-17-2022, is pembrolizumab. Whether or not you recommend this treatment is a different matter. A patient-centered approach is recommended.

    Summary

    • Immunotherapy is a term that encompasses several therapeutic strategies to utilize the immune system as a therapy against cancer
    • In skin cancer, the most relevant immunotherapeutic strategies in 2022 include:
    IO Mechanism Examples
    Checkpoint Inhibition CTLA-4: Ipilimumab
    PD-1: Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Cemiplimab-rwlc
    PD-L1: Avelumab, Atezolizumab
    LAG-3: Relatlimab-rmbw (in combination with nivolumab)
    Bispecific T-cell engagers Tebentafusp-tebn
    Oncolytic Viruses Talimogene laherparepvec
    Cytokine Therapy Interferon Alfa-2a, Interferon Alfa-2b, IL-2

    References

    Miller, David M, Sophia Z Shalhout, Denise Casey, Lola Fashoyin-Aje, Steven Lemery, Marc R Theoret, and Richard Pazdur. 2022. “Impact of an Evolving Regulatory Landscape on Skin Cancer Drug Development in the u.s.” Dermatology Online Journal 28 (2). https://doi.org/10.5070/d328257391.